SHOULD WE TRUST ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE?; pp. 499–522

Margit Sutrop

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Ethics and Social Impacts of AI Philosophical Ethics and Theory Cybernetics and Technology in Society

Abstract

Trust is believed to be a foundational cornerstone for artificial intelligence (AI). In April 2019 the European Commission High Level Expert Group on AI adopted the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI, stressing that human beings will only be able to confidently and fully reap the benefits of AI if they can trust the technology. Trustworthy AI is defined as ethical, lawful and robust AI. Three things strike me about the EC Guidelines. Firstly, though building trust in AI seems to be a shared aim, it is not explicated what trust is, and how it can be built and maintained. Secondly, the Guidelines ignore the widespread distinction made in philosophical literature between trust and reliance. Thirdly, it is not clear how the values have been selected with which AI has to align and what would happen if they came into conflict. In this paper, I shall provide a conceptual analysis of trust in contrast to reliance and ask when it is warranted to talk about trust in AI and trustworthy AI. I shall show how trust and risk are related and what benefits and risks are associated with narrow and general AI. Also, I shall point out that metaphorical talk about ethically aligned AI ignores the real disagreements we have about ethical values.

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References

2004Trust in Automation: Designing for Appropriate Reliance 2016The ethics of algorithms: Mapping the debate 1979Trust and Power 2015Superintelligence: paths, dangers, strategies 2002Trust and trustworthiness 2016Agnostic Learning with Unknown Utilities 2016Social bots distort the 2016 U.S. Presidential election online discussion 2014It’s only a computer: Virtual humans increase willingness to disclose

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2022What kind of trust does AI deserve, if any?2022What do academics say about artificial intelligence ethics? An overview of the scholarship 2025Trust and Trustworthiness in AI 2022Making sense of the conceptual nonsense ‘trustworthy AI’2025Requirements for trustworthy AI-enabled automated decision-making in the public sector: A systematic review 2024Ethics in Artificial Intelligence: an Approach to Cybersecurity

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