Education and Health

Abstract

Abstract This chapter analyses the dramatic spread of education and healthcare in Asia and the large variations therein across and within countries over the past fifty years. Apart from differences in initial conditions and income levels, the nature of the state has also been an important determinant of these variations since social development has typically been state-led. But in most countries public resource constraints led to growing dependence on private provision and private spending in education and healthcare. This in turn generated a pattern of nested disparities in the access to education and healthcare between rich and poor regions, between rural and urban areas within regions, and between rich and poor households. However, as the better-off regions, areas, and households approach the upper limits of achievable education and health standards, a process of convergence is also underway as those left behind begin to catch up.

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