The impact of early language exposure on the neural system supporting language in deaf and hearing adults

Tae Twomey · Cathy J. Price · Dafydd Waters · Mairéad MacSweeney

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Hearing Impairment and Communication Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism Tactile and Sensory Interactions

Abstract

Deaf late signers provide a unique perspective on the impact of impoverished early language exposure on the neurobiology of language: insights that cannot be gained from research with hearing people alone. Here we contrast the effect of age of sign language acquisition in hearing and congenitally deaf adults to examine the potential impact of impoverished early language exposure on the neural systems supporting a language learnt later in life. We collected fMRI data from deaf and hearing proficient users (N = 52) of British Sign Language (BSL), who learnt BSL either early (native) or late (after the age of 15 years) whilst they watched BSL sentences or strings of meaningless nonsense signs. There was a main effect of age of sign language acquisition (late > early) across deaf and hearing signers in the occipital segment of the left intraparietal sulcus. This finding suggests that late learners of sign language may rely on visual processing more than early learners, when processing both linguistic and nonsense sign input - regardless of hearing status. Region-of-interest analyses in the posterior superior temporal cortices (STC) showed an effect of age of sign language acquisition that was specific to deaf signers. In the left posterior STC, activation in response to signed sentences was greater in deaf early signers than deaf late signers. Importantly, responses in the left posterior STC in hearing early and late signers did not differ, and were similar to those observed in deaf early signers. These data lend further support to the argument that robust early language experience, whether signed or spoken, is necessary for left posterior STC to show a 'native-like' response to a later learnt language.

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References

2001Boston Naming Test 2002Linguistic ability and early language exposure 2012Altered Cross-Modal Processing in the Primary Auditory Cortex of Congenitally Deaf Adults: A Visual-Somatosensory fMRI Study with a Double-Flash Illusion 2004Dissociating linguistic and nonlinguistic gestural communication in the brain 2012First language acquisition differs from second language acquisition in prelingually deaf signers: Evidence from sensitivity to grammaticality judgement in British Sign Language 2014Enhancement of Visual Motion Detection Thresholds in Early Deaf People 2007Neural correlates of human action observation in hearing and deaf subjects 2013Reorganization of the auditory, visual and multimodal areas in early deaf individuals

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