Cosmopolitanism describes a ‘citizen of the world’, member in a ‘universal circle of belonging that involves the transcendence of the particular and blindly given ties of kinship and country’. The year 1990 was a watershed one for the new cosmopolitanism scholarship. There were, originally, three discernible strands to this new normative cosmopolitanism. The first strand in the new normative cosmopolitan relates to global governance. The second strand is often attributed to Habermas’s revisioning of Kant’s Perpetual Peace . The third strand in the new normative cosmopolitanism is perhaps best defined by Ulrich Beck when he distinguishes between globalisation, on the one hand, and cosmopolitanism as an emerging ethical response to it on the other. The fear of essentialising identitarian movements points to the fact that cosmopolitanism is threatened on two fronts: on one front is xenophobia, a fear and rejection of strangers; on the other, hegemonic cultural universalisation which is homogenising and intolerant of difference.
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