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In recent decades there has been a dramatic increase in empirical research on the spiritual outcomes of leisure travel and tourism, however there are few frameworks or models that synthesize this empirical research. In this paper I will provide a preliminary framework to organize empirical research that has examined the spiritual outcomes of leisure travel and tourism. This framework will be based on a slight modification of an existing framework of outdoor activities and spirituality that includes antecedent conditions, setting, and recreation components, which together lead to short and long-term spiritual outcomes (Heintzman, 2016a). In the tourism context, the recreation component will be renamed the tourism component. Spiritual and religious outcomes include spiritual/religious experience, spiritual well-being, and leisure-spiritual coping. A preliminary but not exhaustive review of empirical studies on the religious and spiritual dimensions of leisure travel reveals that most of the elements of this framework are present.
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