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As the world is becoming increasingly urban, it is also becoming increasingly metropolitan. Cities have expanded outwards and satellite cities and towns have over time become more closely connected to an urban center. Many cities are economically interdependent with their neighbouring cities and semi-rural areas, constituting a single economy and labour market - a metropolitan area or city-region, usually with many local government jurisdictions The objective of this paper is to provide conceptual reference material and examples on metropolitan governance models applied internationally, as basic input to cities in developing countries for their efforts to establish or enhance their metropolitan governance arrangements. The paper aims to highlight opportunities for cooperation and collaboration on joint initiatives by local governments in a metropolitan area. After the introduction, basic concepts of metropolitan areas and their governance are described, highlighting the roles of metropolitan scale and local governance for selective functions and services. Basic comparative data on ten metropolitan areas around the world are presented. Metropolitan governance arrangements (models) applied internationally are then presented with city examples, and selective characteristics commented upon. Details on the city examples are provided in Annexes. The paper concludes with a section on megaregions (networks of metropolitan areas) with global examples.
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