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Gender Stereotypes in Natural Language: Word Embeddings Show Robust Consistency Across Child and Adult Language Corpora of More Than 65 Million Words
16 references·16 citing·44 second hopsampled
Gender Stereotypes in Natural Language: Word Embeddings Show Robust Consistency Across Child and Adult Language Corpora of More Than 65 Million Words (2021)Gender Stereotypes in Natural Language: W…Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018. (2019)Gender stereotypes have chang…Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes (2018)Word embeddings quantify 100 …The Development of Children's Gender-Science Stereotypes: A Meta-analysis of 5 Decades of U.S. Draw-A-Scientist Studies (2018)The Development of Children's…Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases (2017)Semantics derived automatical…Gender Stereotypes (2017)Gender StereotypesEvidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes. (2014)Evidence for the social role …Social Role Theory (2012)Social Role TheoryMath–Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Children (2011)Math–Gender Stereotypes in El…Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality. (2011)Evidence that gendered wordin…Patterns of Gender Development (2009)Patterns of Gender DevelopmentPervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes (2007)Pervasiveness and correlates …A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. (2002)A model of (often mixed) ster…Social Representations: Explorations in Social Psychology (2000)Social Representations: Explo…The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk . By Brian MacWhinney. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991. Pp. xi, 360. Cloth $59.95, paper $24.95. (1994)The CHILDES Project: Tools fo…Are People Prejudiced Against Women? Some Answers From Research on Attitudes, Gender Stereotypes, and Judgments of Competence (1994)Are People Prejudiced Against…Notes towards a description of Social Representations (1988)Notes towards a description o…Natural language processing for social science research: A comprehensive review (2025)Natural language processing f…Algorithmic bias, fairness, and inclusivity: a multilevel framework for justice-oriented AI (2025)Algorithmic bias, fairness, a…ChatGPT as Research Scientist: Probing GPT’s capabilities as a Research Librarian, Research Ethicist, Data Generator, and Data Predictor (2024)ChatGPT as Research Scientist…School, Studying, and Smarts: Gender Stereotypes and Education Across 80 Years of American Print Media, 1930–2009 (2023)School, Studying, and Smarts:…Large scale analysis of gender bias and sexism in song lyrics (2023)Large scale analysis of gende…Historical Psychology (2023)Historical PsychologyTheoretical Foundations and Limits of Word Embeddings: What Types of Meaning can They Capture? (2022)Theoretical Foundations and L…Historical representations of social groups across 200 years of word embeddings from Google Books (2022)Historical representations of…Gender Bias in Word Embeddings (2022)Gender Bias in Word EmbeddingsGender and ethnicity bias in medicine: a text analysis of 1.8 million critical care records (2022)Gender and ethnicity bias in …Bridging interpersonal and ecological dynamics of cognition through a systems framework of bilingualism. (2022)Bridging interpersonal and ec…Based on billions of words on the internet, people = men (2022)Based on billions of words on…What Might Books Be Teaching Young Children About Gender? (2021)What Might Books Be Teaching …Subtle Linguistic Cues Affecting Gender In(Equality) (2021)Subtle Linguistic Cues Affect…Sixty years of gender representation in children’s books: Conditions associated with overrepresentation of male versus female protagonists (2021)Sixty years of gender represe…Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Stereotypes III: Long-Term Change in Gender Stereotypes (2021)Patterns of Implicit and Expl…The psychology of interpersonal relations. (1958)Thought and language (1962)The Handbook of Social Psychology (1969)Discourse Analysis as Theory and Method (2002)Political Ideology: Its Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities (2008)Nature of Prejudice (1954)A power primer. (1992)Universal dimensions of social cognition: warmth and competence (2006)Warmth and Competence as Universal Dimensions of Social Perception: The Stereotype Content Model and the BIAS Map (2008)Compassion: An evolutionary analysis and empirical review. (2010)Construct validity in psychological tests. (1955)Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. (1998)The Social Identity Theory of Intergroup Behavior (2004)Implicit Racial/Ethnic Bias Among Health Care Professionals and Its Influence on Health Care Outcomes: A Systematic Review (2015)Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: a systematic review (2017)A First Language (1973)Children's First Word Combinations (1976)The child language data exchange system (1985)Lexical output as related to children's vocabulary acquisition: Effects of sophisticated exposure and support for meaning. (2001)Code-switching (2009)Wordbank: an open repository for developmental vocabulary data (2016)Mapping the Language of Racism: Discourse and the Legitimation of Exploitation (1993)Data Feminism (2020)Language (Technology) is Power: A Critical Survey of “Bias” in NLP (2020)ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope (2023)Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. 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References

  • 2002A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition.7,415 cited
  • 2017Semantics derived automatically from language corpora contain human-like biases2,980 cited
  • 1994The CHILDES Project: Tools for analyzing talk . By Brian MacWhinney. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum, 1991. Pp. xi, 360. Cloth $59.95, paper $24.95.2,335 cited
  • 1988Notes towards a description of Social Representations2,171 cited
  • 2012Social Role Theory2,041 cited
  • 2017Gender Stereotypes1,492 cited
  • 2007Pervasiveness and correlates of implicit attitudes and stereotypes1,293 cited
  • 2019Gender stereotypes have changed: A cross-temporal meta-analysis of U.S. public opinion polls from 1946 to 2018.1,285 cited
  • 2000Social Representations: Explorations in Social Psychology1,075 cited
  • 2018Word embeddings quantify 100 years of gender and ethnic stereotypes1,064 cited
  • 2011Math–Gender Stereotypes in Elementary School Children903 cited
  • 2014Evidence for the social role theory of stereotype content: Observations of groups’ roles shape stereotypes.841 cited
  • 2011Evidence that gendered wording in job advertisements exists and sustains gender inequality.799 cited
  • 2009Patterns of Gender Development668 cited

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  • 1994Are People Prejudiced Against Women? Some Answers From Research on Attitudes, Gender Stereotypes, and Judgments of Competence610 cited
  • 2018The Development of Children's Gender-Science Stereotypes: A Meta-analysis of 5 Decades of U.S. Draw-A-Scientist Studies580 cited
  • Cited by

    • 2021Patterns of Implicit and Explicit Stereotypes III: Long-Term Change in Gender Stereotypes150 cited
    • 2022Historical representations of social groups across 200 years of word embeddings from Google Books100 cited
    • 2022Gender Bias in Word Embeddings80 cited
    • 2023Historical Psychology77 cited
    • 2022Theoretical Foundations and Limits of Word Embeddings: What Types of Meaning can They Capture?75 cited
    • 2021Sixty years of gender representation in children’s books: Conditions associated with overrepresentation of male versus female protagonists73 cited
    • 2024ChatGPT as Research Scientist: Probing GPT’s capabilities as a Research Librarian, Research Ethicist, Data Generator, and Data Predictor66 cited
    • 2023School, Studying, and Smarts: Gender Stereotypes and Education Across 80 Years of American Print Media, 1930–200958 cited
    • 2022Based on billions of words on the internet, people = men54 cited
    • 2025Algorithmic bias, fairness, and inclusivity: a multilevel framework for justice-oriented AI49 cited
    • 2021What Might Books Be Teaching Young Children About Gender?44 cited
    • 2022Gender and ethnicity bias in medicine: a text analysis of 1.8 million critical care records43 cited
    • 2022Bridging interpersonal and ecological dynamics of cognition through a systems framework of bilingualism.38 cited
    • 2021Subtle Linguistic Cues Affecting Gender In(Equality)37 cited
    • 2025Natural language processing for social science research: A comprehensive review35 cited
    • 2023Large scale analysis of gender bias and sexism in song lyrics26 cited