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Nyagolova M.D. Notion of subject in psychological concept of Henri Wallon // Psychological science and practice: State of Art. Collected papers / Ed. Kostrigin A.A. Chicago, 2017. P. 57-60. Psychological study of as a subject of psyche involves resolution a lot of very complex issues. Among them, a special place is occupied by those ones about nature of categories in which subject of psyche is being studied, about ontogenetic formation of subject, conditions for formation of subject and subjectivity of psyche, and also whether it is possible to identify entire course of ontogenetic development of human psyche with its manifestation as a subject. This article is devoted to historical and psychological analysis of views of Henri Wallon (1879-1962) on formation of subject of psyche, on his understanding as unity of experience and knowledge, on psychological relationship between subject and object. In all his works, Wallon shares conviction that object of studying is man in interaction with reality (Wallon, 1982, p. 52). In his opinion, the Cartesian «cogito» assumes existence of a subject who feels, knows, ponders, makes decisions and on which patterns of his activity depend(Wallon, 1959, p. 100). Considering Descartes's work Passion of Soul as a program for studying a subject in which two points of view are united ‑ one that depends on knowledge and reason and other stemming from supreme will of (Valon, 1988, p. 183), Wallon believes that all subsequent theories about subject are developed by absolutizing one of these two opinions. Criticizing Descartes's interpretations that absolutize cognitive line of understanding subject, he studies in detail genesis of affectivity in Child (Wallon, 1984), as well as combination of affective and cognitive manifestations in a person's mental development ‑ in Origins of a Children’s Character (Wallon, 1975). A textual analysis of his psychological work shows that both terms are used in them: subjectivstic and subjective. The first of them indicates state of subjectivism, that is, fusion of organism with environment, impossibility of distinguishing between subject and object. The second signifies manifestation of as subject of psyche. In this case, there is a distinction between what belongs to object and what is peculiar to subject. In Wallon concept, beginning of study of cognitive side of psychic relates to study of sensor-motor activity. Thus, emergence of logical structures of thought is completion of a complex and lengthy process of development of subjective cognition of child. Consequently, concept of Wallon can not be defined simply as psychology of emotions (Zazo, 1993), because its author is not limited only to study of emotions, and introducing this problem, even in Difficult Child, proves inconsistency of absolutization of cognitive mental phenomena, including approach of Jean Piaget (Piaget, 1972), applied to development of epistemological problems of psychology. Understanding sensation as first form of affectivity, allows Wallon to define principles of genetic ontology. This psychological theory differs not only from rationalistic representations of structuralists, but also from phenomenal nature of ontological views inherent in existential psychologists.
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