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The evidence of archaeological surveys and excavations, official documents, architecture, and art history are considered across the regions and cities of the Peloponnese and central to northern Greece in social and economic contexts. The nature of the production and export of wine, oil, and silk throughout Greece as cash-generating products of the countryside is also examined. Particular attention is paid to ceramics both as markers for interpreting the archaeological evidence and as possible indicators of otherwise undocumented population movements. The conclusions are that the cities of the Peloponnese—Corinth, Sparta, and Argos—acquired a new prosperity during the eleventh century but not to the extent of Athens and Thebes. Thebes in particular became a desirable place to live and outstripped all the other cities of Greece in its affluence by the twelfth century. The successful development of Thebes is associated with a recently identified major pottery production site at its port of Chalkis/Euripos. Finally it is suggested that the population increase throughout Greece in the eleventh century which made intensification of land use possible came about through mass movements of people from Asia Minor.
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