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Optimism/Pessimism, Assessment of

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Optimism, Hope, and Well-being Psychometric Methodologies and Testing Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes

Abstract

Optimism, one's tendency to expect positive outcomes, and its related (yet debated) converse, pessimism, have been assessed via numerous instruments reflecting researchers’ theoretical and contextual backgrounds. This entry includes descriptions of commonly used reliable unidimensional global assessments (Life Orientation Test (LOT & LOT-R), Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ & EASQ), Optimism-Pessimism Scale for MMPI (PSM & PSM-R)), multidimensional global assessments (Optimism and Pessimism Scale (OPS), Extended Life Orientation Test (ELOT), Positive and Negative Expectancy Questionnaire (PANEQ), Assessment of Personal Optimism and Social Optimism-Extended (POSO-E), Optimism-Pessimism-2 (SOP2)), and domain-specific assessments (unrealistic/comparative optimism measures, Optimism – Pessimism Prescreening Questionnaire (OPPQ), Defensive Pessimism Questionnaire (DPQ), HIV Treatment Optimism Scale (HIV-TOS), and Cancer Patient Optimism Scale (CPOS)).

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References

1985Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies.1982The attributional Style Questionnaire 2015Measures of Personality and Social Psychological Constructs 1986Anticipatory and post hoc cushioning strategies: Optimism and defensive pessimism in ?risky? situations 1997Optimism and pessimism as partially independent constructs: Relationship to positive and negative affectivity and psychological well-being 2001Defensive pessimism, optimism, and pessimism.1994CAVEing the MMPI for an optimism-pessimism scale: Seligman's attributional model and the assessment of explantory style 2001The assessment of components of optimism by POSO-E

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2025One-Dimensionality, Reliability, Distribution, and Correlates of the Brief Interactive Optimism Scale among University Teachers

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