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There are different levels and contexts of language mixing in conversation, from introduced borrowings in relatively monolingual contexts to code-mixing consciously produced by fluent bilinguals for extralinguistic effects and to stable mixed languages. This chapter gives an overview of the structural patterns of code-mixing from different multilingual settings around the world and compares code-mixing to heavy borrowing and types of mixed languages. The formal properties of different types of code-mixing strategies and the social conditions of the multilingual settings where these emerge are categorized following Muysken’s typology of insertional and alternational code-mixing, congruent lexicalization, and back-flagging. In addition, other structural and categorical constraints that affect language contact in general are discussed.
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