Portugal’s Changing Defense Industry: Is the Triple Helix Model of Knowledge Society Replacing State Leadership Model?

Pedro Costa Simões · António Carrizo Moreira · Carlos Manuel Mendes Dias

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University-Industry-Government Innovation Models Defense, Military, and Policy Studies Military and Defense Studies

Abstract

The defense industry has unique features involving national sovereignty.Despite the characteristics that led to the separation of the military and civil spheres, since the 1990s, the number of dual-use projects has been growing.Taking into account that Portugal is a small European country, this paper analyzes the relationships within the defense industry in order to determine how university-industry-government relationships (the Triple Helix) function in this specific industry.The analysis of 145 projects of the Portuguese Ministry of Defense led to the following conclusions: first, academia was represented in more than 90% of the projects, and 40% of those projects have a dual-use application; second, there is a predominance of knowledge production, dissemination and application, for which the university's institutional sphere is essential and third, the Triple Helix system evolves into a network of relationships that involve projects with both civil and military applications.

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References

2000The dynamics of innovation: from National Systems and “Mode 2” to a Triple Helix of university–industry–government relations 1993National Innovation Systems: A Comparative Analysis 2003The Era of Open Innovation 2002Sectoral systems of innovation and production 2009'Mode 3' and 'Quadruple Helix': toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem 2008Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: A scheme of analysis 2001Regional Innovation Systems, Clusters, and the Knowledge Economy 2003Innovation in Innovation: The Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations

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