With digitalization ongoing, there is no end in sight for the advance of the platform economy (Parker et al. 2016 ) as platforms and distributed innovation are among the main trajectories for digital innovation (Yoo et al. 2012 ). Within the information systems field, the primary type of platforms studied are digital, software platforms, that is, “the extensible codebase of a software-based system that provides core functionality shared by apps that interoperate with it, and the interfaces through which they interoperate” (Tiwana 2014 , p. 7). Besides established domains for digital platforms such as enterprise software and mobile communication, many other domains are currently undergoing “platformization”. In their efforts to implement Industry 4.0, an increasing number of industrial firms are establishing their own digital platforms, such as Siemens’ MindSphere, General Electric’s (GE) Predix, or Bosch’s IoT Suite. However, these industrial incumbents are not the only ones venturing into the market of digital industrial platforms. Platform- or Infrastructure-as-a-Service (PaaS/IaaS) providers such as Amazon Web Services (AWS) or Microsoft Azure are also moving into the manufacturing domain, offering their own platforms or providing infrastructure, services, and technologies to other platforms.
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