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This chapter uses case studies from conflict and post-conflict countries in the MENA region to illustrate the economic challenges facing fragile states, as well as policy options. The studies cover two countries currently in conflict (Libya and Yemen), two recovering from conflict (Iraq and Somalia), and a fifth, West Bank and Gaza, with unique characteristics due to its uncertain political status and the impact of occupation. The chapter uses the case studies to describe: the characteristics of economic fragility; the macroeconomic consequences of fragility; and the IMF’s role in providing policy advice and economic assistance. Although the challenges facing fragile and conflict-affected economies are overwhelming, the potential benefits of improved macroeconomic policy (and of overcoming fragility) are immense. Thus, despite the difficulties, understanding and solving the economic problems facing fragile and conflict states is critical, particularly to be ready in case a pivotal moment where economic reforms become feasible is reached.
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