Articlebronze2021

Sleeping under the waves: A longitudinal study across the contagion peaks of the COVID‐19 pandemic in Italy

Federico Salfi · Aurora D’Atri · Daniela Tempesta · Michèle Ferrara

70 citations0/0 files storedJournal of Sleep Research

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Abstract

After the March-April 2020 coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak, a second contagion wave afflicted Europe in the autumn. The present study aimed to evaluate sleep health/patterns of Italians during this further challenging situation. A total of 2,013 Italians longitudinally participated in a web-based survey during the two contagion peaks of the COVID-19 outbreak. We investigated the risk factors for sleep disturbances during the second wave, and we compared sleep quality and psychological well-being between the two assessments (March-April and November-December 2020). Female gender, low education, evening chronotype, being a high-risk person for COVID-19 infection, reporting negative social or economic impact, and evening smartphone overuse predicted a higher risk of poor sleep and insomnia symptoms during the second wave. Advanced age, living with a high-risk person for COVID-19 infection, and having a relative/friend infected with COVID-19 before the prior 2 weeks were risk categories for poor sleep quality. Living with children, having contracted COVID-19 before the prior 2 weeks, being pessimistic about the vaccine and working in healthcare, were risk factors for insomnia symptoms. The follow-up assessment highlighted reduced insomnia symptoms and anxiety. Nevertheless, we found reduced sleep duration, higher daytime dysfunction, advanced bedtime and wake-up time, and a shift to morningness, confirming the alarming prevalence of poor sleepers (~60%) and severe depression (~20%) in a context of increased perceived stress. The present study showed a persistent impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on sleep and mental health. Large-scale interventions to counteract the chronicity and exacerbation of sleep and psychological disturbances are necessary, especially for the at-risk categories.

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References

2020Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and insomnia among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis 2020COVID-19 and mental health: A review of the existing literature 2020Sleep problems during the COVID-19 pandemic by population: a systematic review and meta-analysis 2012Validity of the Italian Version of the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI)2019Psychometric evaluation of three versions of the Italian Perceived Stress Scale 2016Validation study of the Italian version of the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI)2020Insomnia during COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown: Prevalence, severity, and associated risk factors in French population 2006Validity of the reduced version of the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire

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