Women neurosurgeons around the world: a systematic review

Tina Lulla · Rosemary T. Behmer Hansen · Cynthia A. Smith · Nicole A. Silva · Nitesh V. Patel · Anil Nanda

39 citations0/0 files storedNeurosurgical FOCUS

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Diversity and Career in Medicine Gender Diversity and Inequality Sex and Gender in Healthcare

Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Gender disparities in neurosurgery have persisted even as the number of female medical students in many countries has risen. An understanding of the current gender distribution of neurosurgeons around the world and the possible factors contributing to country-specific gender disparities is an important step in improving gender equity in the field. METHODS: The authors performed a systematic review of studies pertaining to women in neurosurgery. Papers listed in PubMed in the English language were collected. A modified grounded theory approach was utilized to systematically identify and code factors noted to contribute to gender disparities in neurosurgery. Statistical analysis was performed with IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows. RESULTS: The authors identified 39 studies describing the density of women neurosurgeons in particular regions, 18 of which documented the proportion of practicing female neurosurgeons in a single or in multiple countries. The majority of these studies were published within the last 5 years. Eight factors contributing to gender disparity were identified, including conference representation, the proverbial glass ceiling, lifestyle, mentoring, discrimination, interest, salary, and physical burden. CONCLUSIONS: The topic of women in neurosurgery has received considerable global scholarly attention. The worldwide proportion of female neurosurgeons varies by region and country. Mentorship was the most frequently cited factor contributing to noted gender differences, with lifestyle, the glass ceiling, and discrimination also frequently mentioned. Future studies are necessary to assess the influence of country-specific sociopolitical factors that push and pull individuals of all backgrounds to enter this field.

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References

2008The future of neurosurgery: a white paper on the recruitment and retention of women in neurosurgery 2010Diversity Based on Race, Ethnicity, and Sex Between Academic Orthopaedic Surgery and Other Specialties 2015Positive trends in neurosurgery enrollment and attrition: analysis of the 2000–2009 female neurosurgery resident cohort 2019Gender Disparity in Academic Neurosurgery 2017Tracking Career Paths of Women in Neurosurgery 2010Gender differences in specialty preference and mismatch with real needs in Japanese medical students 2018Female Medical Student Retention in Neurosurgery: A Multifaceted Approach 2019Women Continue to Be Underrepresented in Surgery: A Study of AMA and ACGME Data from 2000 to 2016

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2022Gender disparity in neurosurgery: A multinational survey on gender-related career satisfaction 2022Gender Differences in Perceptions and Attitudes of Medical Students Toward Neurosurgery: A German Nationwide Survey 2024Sex Disparities in Ophthalmology From Training Through Practice

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