We experimentally vary signals and senders to identify which combination will increase vaccine demand among a disadvantaged population in the United States -Black and White men without a college education.Our main finding is that laypeople (non-expert concordant senders) are most effective at promoting vaccination, particularly among those least willing to become vaccinated.This finding points to a trade-off between the higher qualifications of experts on the one hand, but lower social proximity to low socio-economic status populations on the other hand, which may undermine credibility in settings of low trust.
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