Longitudinal changes in psychological distress in the UK from 2019 to September 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a large nationally representative study

Michael Daly · Eric Robinson

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Abstract

In a large (n=10918), national, longitudinal probability-based sample of UK adults the prevalence of clinically significant psychological distress rose from prepandemic levels of 20.8% in 2019 to 29.5% in April 2020 and then declined significantly to prepandemic levels by September (20.8%). Longitudinal analyses showed that all demographic groups examined (age, sex, race/ethnicity, income) experienced increases in distress after the onset of the pandemic followed by significant decreases. By September 2020 distress levels were indistinguishable from prepandemic levels for all groups. This recovery may reflect the influence of the easing of restrictions and psychological adaptation to the demands of the pandemic.

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References

1997The validity of two versions of the GHQ in the WHO study of mental illness in general health care 2020Mental health before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal probability sample survey of the UK population 2020Trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms during enforced isolation due to COVID-19 in England: a longitudinal observational study 2021A systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal cohort studies comparing mental health before versus during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 2020Mental health and well-being during the COVID-19 pandemic: longitudinal analyses of adults in the UK COVID-19 Mental Health & Wellbeing study 2020Psychological Distress and Loneliness Reported by US Adults in 2018 and April 2020 2020Longitudinal changes in mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from the UK Household Longitudinal Study 2020Prevalence and predictors of general psychiatric disorders and loneliness during COVID-19 in the United Kingdom

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