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Takashi Shiraishi examines the emergence during the first quarter of the twentieth century of an Indonesian popular movement (called pergerakan). Expressed in such forms as newspapers, rallies, trade unions, revolts, novels, and songs, this popular movement marked a time when Indonesians began to view their world in a new way, to articulate this new consciousness in modern forms, and to believe that these expressions could have a political effect. Modern Indonesian politics was born in the pergerakan, and Indonesian nationalism, Islamism, and communism, as political movements, trace their origins to this period
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