Experiences of LGBTQ+ individuals in sports in Germany

Ilse Hartmann‐Tews · Tobias Menzel · Birgit Braumüller

20 citations0/0 files storedGerman Journal of Exercise and Sport Research

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Sports, Gender, and Society LGBTQ Health, Identity, and Policy Inclusion and Disability in Education and Sport

Abstract

Abstract There is growing international evidence that lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer, and sexually/gender diverse (LGBTQ+) people regularly experience discrimination in sports. However, there is a lack of empirical research with regard to the sports situation in Germany. Based on a quantitative survey of 858 self-identifying LGBTQ+ individuals, the present research is the first to provide a comprehensive picture of the experiences of LGBTQ+ people in sports in Germany. To add distinctive knowledge to the international research, this analysis considers differences within the group of LGBTQ+ people and between various sports settings (i.e., organizational framework, team vs individual sports, and performance level. Two research questions are addressed: (1) What micro- and meso-level factors affect the witnessing of homo-/transnegative language and the prevalence of homo-/transnegative incidents in respondents’ sports activities? (2) What micro- and meso-level factors affect respondents’ feelings of being offended by homo-/transnegative language and what behavioral consequences (i.e., refraining from specific sports and reactions to homo-/transnegative episodes) can be observed among different LGBTQ+ subgroups? The data reveal the impact of the sports context on the perception of homo-/transnegative language but not on negative experiences. Moreover, there is a higher prevalence of gay compared to lesbian athletes with regard to the perception of homo-/transnegative language in their sports and a higher prevalence of gay athletes and non-cisgender (transgender) athletes with regard to homo-/transnegative experiences in sport compared to lesbian and cisgender athletes. The empirical evidence confirms and deepens international findings. Moreover, the data assist the Sport Ministers Conference’s goal of increasing initiatives to tackle the exclusion and discrimination faced by LGBTQ+ people in sports.

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References

1991Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity 2003Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: Conceptual issues and research evidence.2005Hegemonic Masculinity 2010Inclusive masculinity: the changing nature of masculinities 2009Sampling lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations.2015Finding the Hidden Participant 2008Sexual Stigma and Sexual Prejudice in the United States: A Conceptual Framework 2012A Two-Question Method for Assessing Gender Categories in the Social and Medical Sciences

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