TRANSFORMASI ADAPTIF PERMUKIMAN TEPI SUNGAI DI KOTA BANJARMASIN KASUS: BARITO - MUARA KUIN,MARTAPURA,DAN ALALAK

Abstract

Sejatinya sebuah kota berkembang sesuai dengan karakter dan potensi yang dimilikinya. Pada kenyataannya, fakta pembangunan dan perkembangan Kota Banjarmasin cenderungmeninggalkan karakter arsitektur dan budaya kehidupan sungainya. Urgensi penelitian ini adalah mengeksplorasi proses transformasi dari permukiman berbasis sungai (water-based settelement) ke permukiman berbasis darat (land-based settlements). Metode studi kasus dengan desain multi case embeddeddieksplorasi pada tiga lokasi permukiman tepi sungai yang dipilih berdasar kriteria kedudukan permukimanterhadap kota, posisi permukiman terhadap sungai, serta karakter dan fungsi kawasan. Temuan penelitian ini berupa konsep transformasi adaptif permukiman tepi sungai di Kota Banjarmasin. Konsep ini sebagai gambaran proses transformasi dari lingkungan fisik permukiman dan aktivitas masyarakat yang berbasis sungai ke berbasis darat. Secara fisik, terdapat fase eksistensi sungai dalam kehidupan,fase eksistensi sungai dan jalan dalam transisi bermukim, dan fase dominasi jalan darat dalam perkembangan permukiman. Secara non fisik, terdapat budaya kehidupan sungai sebagai core culture masyarakatnya yang masih dipertahan-kan yangterimplikasi dalam cara/strategi adaptasi pada lingkungan fisik dan aktivitas di sungai dan darat.Elemen-elemen fisik permukiman dan aktivitas masyarakatyang bertransformasi dari basis sungai ke basis darat adalah: orientasi bangunan, fungsi bangunan, material, konstruksi, pola kavling, lokasi bangunan dan luasan, infrastruktur lingkungan sungai, dan aktivitas keseharian (daily life). Cara-cara transformasi melalui cara perpindahan, penambahan dan kombinasi keduanya, dan cara/strategi adaptasiyang digunakan adalah adaptation by adjusment, adaptation by reaction, and adaptation by withdrawl, serta kombinasi ketiganya. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi transformasi permukiman tepi sungai adalah kebijakan pemerintah, kerusakan lingkungan sungai, peningkatan ekonomi kawasan, upaya mitigasi bencana (banjir), penyempitan morfologi sungai, keterbatasan material konstruksi, identitas diri/aktualisasi, perkembangan teknologi, privasi, gaya hidup, budaya kekerabatan, peningkatan ekonomi dan pengetahuan. Kontribusi teoritik penelitian ini mengisi ranah arsitektur permukiman dan psikologi lingkungan melalui pengayaan teori transformasi Habraken (1982) dan teori cara/strategi adaptasi Altman, Rapoport, Howhill (1980). In principle, a city will grow in accordance with its character and potentials. In fact the construction and development of Banjarmasin city tend to neglect its original architectural character and river culture. The purpose of this study is to explore the transformation process from water-based settelement into land-based settlements. Case study (multi cases embeded) was employed to explore three riverside residential locations. They were chosen based on the criteria: (1) Its position settlement to the city, (2) settlement position of the river, (3) the character and function of the area. The results of this study found the concept of adaptive transformation. This concept is an an explanation of the transformation process from river based (physical environment of settlements and community) into land based. Physically, there were a phase of the river's existence; the transition phase where river and road are in balance existence; and the phase where roads are dominant in the development of settlements. In non-physical aspect, there is a culture of river life as a core culture that is still maintained by the society through adaptation strategies on the physical environment and the activities on the river and land. Physical elements of settlement and community activities which are transformed from river based to land based are: the orientation of buildings, building functions, materials, construction, pattern plots, building location and extention, environmental infrastructure of rivers, and daily activities. The ways of transformation is through the adaptation by adjustment, adaptation by reaction, and adaptation by withdrawal, as well as the combination of the three. Factors that influence the transformation of riverside settlement are government policy, environmental damage in rivers, the growth of regional economies, flood mitigation, narrowing of river morphology, construction material limitations, self identity or actualization, the advancement of technology, privacy, lifestyle, culture kinship, knowledge elevation. The theoretical contribution of this research is to fill the realm of residential architecture and environmental psychology through enrichment of Habraken transformation theory (1982) and the adaptation strategies theory of Altman, Rapoport, Howhill (1980).

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