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There is significant impact of various external stakeholders on firms’ global operations and supply chain decisions. In areas of extreme poverty, known as Base of the Pyramid (BOP) markets, there can be institutional voids in labor, capital, regulatory, product and contracting markets exacerbated by the informal nature of these markets. In these challenging settings, acquiring information and local legitimacy is difficult. For understanding how intermediaries can serve as instruments of public policy and influence the adoption of sustainability issues in global supply chains, extensive qualitative data was collected via expert interviews and field visits with multiple intermediaries and focal firms operating in BOP markets. Drawing on the relational view and distinguishing between material and support flows in supply chains, the findings suggest that strong ties with public, private and hybrid intermediaries can enable BOP businesses to achieve economic and social viability through four pathways: formalization, legitimacy for vulnerable stakeholders, social capital development, and acquisition of complementary resources through the extended network of intermediaries. Public intermediaries fill in structural holes in the support ecosystem and bridge links between BOP businesses. By funding these support organizations, governments can influence global supply chains and their operating environment.
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