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The closing of the gold window at the U.S. Treasury, announced in mid-August 1971, formally ended the Bretton Woods system of fixed but adjustable exchange rates. In Japan, the shift in regime and measures accompanying the shift are known as the "Nixon shock." The shock initially increased uncertainty in Japan, and elsewhere. Negotiations to reestablish fixed exchange rates at new parities eventually produced a new agreement that soon collapsed. In March 1973, major countries abandoned efforts to restore a fixed exchange rate regime.
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Stored only when both papers are in the corpus — 34 citations exist upstream.
Papers that cite the same references — the relational fallback while embeddings are still backfilling.
Imported from OpenAlex (CC0) — nothing here is generated.