The study is organized as follows: Part I discusses the measurement issues, especially associated with statistical modelling of the motherhood pay gap, and presents headline results for a range of low-, middle- and high-income countries. It also addresses evidence of a wage premium for fathers. Part II presents a critical analysis of six core methodological issues rawing on studies from multiple disciplinary approaches. Part III assesses the merits of competing economic and sociological explanations for the motherhood pay gap, with a focus on productivity-related explanations on the one hand and accounts that emphasize the gendered nature of institutions and sex discrimination on the other. Part IV investigates the impact of a country’s institutional environment with a particular emphasis on its welfare and family system. Part V sets out six major policy recommendations and considers issues for future research.
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