Impact of school meals on educational outcomes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

Samuel Kidane

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Poverty, Education, and Child Welfare Child Nutrition and Water Access Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations

Abstract

Abstract Objective: This study evaluated the impact of the Addis Ababa School Feeding Program (SFP) on educational outcomes. Design: Single-group repeated measurement/longitudinal study design and multistage stratified sampling design were followed. Effect sizes estimates, repeated measures ANOVA, Chi-square, Generalised Additive Mixed Model and mixed effects negative binomial regression were used. Academic scores, attendance and dropout and height and weight of schoolchildren were collected. Setting: School Feeding Programs in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Participants: Schoolchildren in primary schools and school directors and teachers in fifteen randomly selected schools for Key Informant Interview (KII). Results: Anthropometric measurements of 4500 schoolchildren were taken from 50 schools. Academic scores of 3924 schoolchildren from 46 schools, class attendance records of 1584 schoolchildren from 18 schools and annual enrolment records of 50 schools were gathered. School meals achieved a minimum to large scale effects on educational outcomes with effect sizes (η2) of academic scores (boys = 0·023, girls = 0·04), enrolment (girls = 0·001, boys = 0·05) and attendance (Cramer’s V = 0·2). The average scores of girls were significantly higher than that of boys (P< 0·0001). Height-for-age in all schoolchildren (P< 0·01) and BMI-for-ageZ-scores in adolescent girls of 15–19 years (P< 0·0001) never had a significant positive relationship with average scores. Significant relation was observed between nutritional status and attendance (P= 0·021). KII showed that SFP created convenient teaching–learning environment and reduced hunger in schools, while boosting enrolment, attendance and academic performance among the schoolchildren. Conclusion: The Addis Ababa SFP has positively contributed to educational outcomes. Strengthening the program would enhance nutritional outcomes and diminish educational inequalities.

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References

2012‘Unsatisfactory Saturation’: a critical exploration of the notion of saturated sample sizes in qualitative research 2000Does Child Labour Displace Schooling? Evidence on Behavioural Responses to an Enrollment Subsidy 2013The Other Half of the Story: Effect Size Analysis in Quantitative Research 2018Facing Forward: Schooling for Learning in Africa 2009Rethinking School Feeding 2016School Feeding and Learning Achievement: Evidence from India's Midday Meal Program 2016The impact of education programmes on learning and school participation in low- and middle-income countries 2012The impact of Chile's school feeding program on education outcomes

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