Organizational Survival

Abstract

When the Japanese started full-fledged industrialization in the mid nineteenth century, Japan’s survival was at stake. Safeguarding nationhood meant catching up with the Western powers and being the first non-Western nation to industrialize. It was not so much an action to decide than a reaction to urgent necessity. Thus Western methods were subsumed in the Japanese web of values and practices ‘ wakon yôsai’. 1 These keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

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