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Russia’s first psychology laboratories were created by Bekhterev in the 1880s, first in Kazan and then in St. Petersburg. It was not until 1911 that an institute of psychology was founded, by G. I. Chelpanov, a mentalistic philosopher and logician who had taught psychology as well. Familiar with the psychological research that had been under way for some time in the West, Chelpanov thought it would be useful to have such an institute in Moscow. Chelpanov had published a psychology textbook for secondary schools which went through almost twenty printings prior to the Revolution. It is difficult to characterize the author's feelings at the start of the author's professional life except perhaps to say that they were highly ambivalent. In principle, psychologists interested in studying the emotions have always sought ways to produce emotional states that are of sufficient stability and duration to be studied.
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