Classification and Identification of Photocopying Toners by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): II. Final Report

Williams Mazzella · Chris J. Lennard · Pierre A. Margot

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Cultural Heritage Materials Analysis Spectroscopy and Chemometric Analyses Forensic Fingerprint Detection Methods

Abstract

Abstract A diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) technique has been employed to record the IR spectra of 152 different black and color toners used in photocopiers and laser printers. Based on characteristic absorption bands in the infrared (IR) spectra, 149 of these toners were classified into 36 distinct groups. A small sample of toner was removed from the surface of a questioned document (produced on a photocopier or laser printer), the IR spectrum was recorded using the diffuse reflectance technique, and the class of toner was determined by comparison with a collection of standard spectra. A knowledge of the compatibility of each type of toner can then be employed to provide a list of photocopying machines (or laser printers) that could have produced the questioned document. The technique does not appear to be affected by the age of the photocopy, the batch or toner, or the prior treatment of the questioned document with a fingerprint development reagent such as ninhydrin.

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References

1990The Use of 1,8-Diazafluoren-9-one (DFO) for the Fluorescent Detection of Latent Fingerprints on Paper. A Preliminary Evaluation 1986Improved Enhancement of Ninhydrin Developed Fingerprints by Cadmium Complexation Using Low Temperature Photoluminescence Techniques 1986Preliminary Examination of Machine Copier Toners by Infrared Spectrophotometry and Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography 1991Classification and Identification of Photocopying Toners by Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (DRIFTS): I. Preliminary Results

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1991A simple combined technique for the analysis of toners and adhesives 1995Thin layer chromatography analysis of photocopy toners 1998Classification and Identification of Color Photocopiers By FT-IR and GC/MS 1997The Possibilities of Identifying Photocopy Toners by Means of Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Scanning Microscopy (SEM-EDX)

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