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The book is about the theory and practice of federal state formation in the post-Cold War era. It introduces the concept of the federal spirit as an instrument to examine and explore the emergence of new federal models that represent a radical departure from our conventional understanding of the conditions that gave rise to the classic cases of the United States, Switzerland, Canada and Australia. In contrast the formation of the new federal models exemplified by Belgium, the Russian Federation, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Ethiopia, Nigeria and Venezuela and accompanied by the gradual evolution of federal political systems in Spain, Italy, the United Kingdom and the European Union has occurred under very different circumstances. Together these contemporary developments constitute a new age: the revival of federalism. How and why has this happened and what are the new conditions according to which these models have been constructed? The book utilises the federal spirit that is inherent in the work of five major contributors to federal theory – Kenneth Wheare, William Livingston, William Riker, Carl Friedrich and Daniel Elazar - in order to rethink and reappraise the conventional approaches to federal state formation. The inclusion of three case studies in Ethiopia, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Iraq leads not only to the formulation of a new set of conditions that explain the appearance of these new models but also leads logically to a new general classification of federal democracies. The federal spirit is shown to be multidimensional in character and its theoretical implications for the comparative study of federalism are identified and assessed.
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