The profound changes underway in the European Union, including the rising proportion of women in employment in recent decades, have all impacted greatly on Europe's labour markets.These effects have important implications for the development of men's and women's working conditions in the different Member States.This, in turn, creates a real need for increasing our understanding of the changing face of Europe and the implications of these developments for citizens working and living in the EU.Against this background, the European Foundation for the Improvement of Living and Working Conditions has, since 1990, been collecting data on developments pertaining to working conditions -a key dimension of quality of life in Europe.The latest of these surveys, the fourth European Working Conditions Survey (EWCS), provides a comprehensive overview of working conditions across 31 countries in Europe.Among the central themes of this survey are the potential similarities and differences that exist in men's and women's working conditions -a subject which forms the basis of this current report, Gender and working conditions in the European Union.The report examines changes in working conditions, focusing on the extent of occupational concentration of, and segregation between, the sexes in today's workplace and showing how this impacts on the quality of women's and men's working lives.Key similarities and differences in women's and men's working environments are examined, while specific aspects of job quality -including working hours, job satisfaction, work-life compatibility and work-related health outcomes -are explored to help gauge the experiences of women and men in an everchanging workplace.The findings reveal persistent gender inequalities in many, although not all, aspects of working conditions.Such disparities include differences in working hours, occupation, economic sector and work-related health risks, which not only result in gender inequality but also perpetuate existing inequalities.For instance, the persistent unequal gender division of care and household responsibilities partly explains why women more frequently switch to part-time employment or are less able to work the long hours typically expected for promotion to senior or managerial positions.Obtaining accurate and up-to-date information is essential for informing policy of any kind, including that which aims to target gender inequality in the workplace.In this context, we hope that the findings of this report will shed some light on the key areas that need to be addressed to further improve gender equality in the European labour markets, and hence help to create a more equitable workplace for women and men throughout the European Union.
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