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This chapter discusses the concept of learning difficulties. Since all children with special educational needs have learning difficulties, the concept is a fundamental one to special education. Over the years there have been various terms used for children who have learning difficulties of one kind or another. The chapter compares the Traditional views of intelligence with the new broader concept of learning difficulties, and considers the growth of provision in ordinary and special schools to meet the various needs of children. The assessment of children with various handicaps was dominated by the use of intelligence tests. Even when the child's intellectual ability was not in question, an intelligence test formed a major part of the assessment. Another concept related to standardized mental measurement is that of mental age. One of the fundamental principles of measures of intelligence is that skills develop with age.
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