Intimate partner violence before and during the COVID-19 lockdown: findings from a cross-sectional study in Singapore

Caitlin Alsandria O’Hara · Rayner Kay Jin Tan

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Intimate Partner and Family Violence Elder Abuse and Neglect Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic resulted in lockdowns worldwide, with reports suggesting a concomitant increase in the incidence of intimate partner violence (IPV). This study was part of the International Sexual and Reproductive Health (I-SHARE) Consortium, examining IPV and its correlates before and during lockdown in April 2020. METHODS: This cross-sectional observational study, conducted online during August-September 2020, recruited 259 participants from Singapore who reported having a steady partner. Alongside socio-demographic data before and during COVID-19 lockdown, the respondents self-reported their encounters with partner violence. Partner violence was measured using an adapted six-item version of the WHO IPV scale. RESULTS: Data revealed an incidence of 17.2%, 25.0%, 16.7%, 17.6%, 17.5% and 18.5% of restriction of contact with others, verbal abuse, restriction of access to finances, physical violence, pressured sex and forced sex, respectively, before COVID-19 lockdown. During lockdown, incidences of these forms of violence were 17.4%, 19.8%, 14.7%, 13.5%, 14.7% and 15.2%, respectively. Multivariable analyses showed that being younger, being non-heterosexual, and having more children and adolescents at home were significantly associated with partner violence both before and during lockdown. Analyses also revealed that being of Chinese ethnicity and having a monthly income above SGD3000 were not significantly correlated to partner violence before lockdown but emerged as significant during lockdown. CONCLUSIONS: Some sociodemographic factors were associated with violence regardless of lockdown, while other factors were exacerbated by lockdown. Interventions should consider these key correlates of partner-based violence, ensuring adequate and appropriate support for vulnerable populations both within and outside of lockdown contexts.

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1995The longitudinal course of marital quality and stability: A review of theory, method, and research.2020Violence against women during covid-19 pandemic restrictions 2020Pandemics and Violence Against Women and Children 2020Applying relationship science to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic may impact couples’ relationships.2013Dating Violence Experiences of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Youth 2016Substance use and intimate partner violence: A meta-analytic review.2020When Stay-at-Home Orders Leave Victims Unsafe at Home: Exploring the Risk and Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic 2021Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence during Lockdown and the COVID-19 Pandemic

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