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The map projection process transfers the lines of latitude and longitude from the spherical Earth onto a flat surface. This process controls the map&s;s appearance and the possible map uses. Three characteristics define projections and include the class, case, and aspect. Distortion is a natural outcome of the projection process and results from the variations in scale across the map&s;s surface, called the scale factor. The scale factor quantitatively describes how much departure there is at a given location compared to the scale that is found at that same location on Earth&s;s surface. Tissot&s;s indicatrix is a visual means of illustrating and numerically quantifying how scaled factors at point locations vary across a projection. Plotting the indicatrix across a map, distortion patterns emerge that provide guidance on the suitability of a particular projection&s;s class, case, and aspect for minimizing distortion over a geographic area. Although no projection can avoid distortion, most projections minimize distortion in either areas, angles, distances, directions, or some combination. These properties describe relationships that can be preserved on a map. Grid systems, such as the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) and State Plane Coordinate System (SPCS), incorporate projections to minimize distortion across medium- and large-scale mapping purposes for accurate measurement tasks.
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