Copper and Aluminium as Economically Imperfect Substitutes, Production and Price Development

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Stock Market Forecasting Methods Forecasting Techniques and Applications Market Dynamics and Volatility

Abstract

Copper and aluminium prices have long been influenced mainly by non-renewable resources and the industry's widespread use of copper and aluminium for their desired properties. Metal commodities are irreplaceable for the industry of developed countries, and their shortage in the covid times also increases the price and consequently the price of products made from them. As copper ore stocks continue to decline, suitable substitutes should be sought. The paper discusses the potential of copper substitution by aluminium and subsequently the development of prices and production of copper and aluminium, including a prediction about the future development. Research data were obtained from Market.business insider (2021) and Investing.com (2022) converted to time series. The price is shown in US dollars per tonne and the production value in millions of tonnes. Development data were processed using artificial intelligence and recurrent neural networks, including the Long Short Term Memory layer. Neural networks, as such, have great potential to predict these types of time series. The annual copper and aluminium production data were processed using a regression function. Neural networks could not be used due to the smaller data range. The results show that the 1NN30L neural network with an LSTM layer and considered a 30-day delay is the most suitable network for forecasting future copper prices, and the 3NN30L neural network with an LSTM layer and considered a 30-day delay is the most suitable network for forecasting future aluminium prices. The forecast has confirmed that the price of copper will fall at the end of 2021, and the trend will be constant in the next planned period. Aluminium will also fall sharply at the end of 2021; at the beginning of 2022, the price level is predicted to rise to that of 30 October 2021, and thereinafter the trend will be almost constant. Research has confirmed that copper and aluminium may be imperfect substitutes in some respect, but they can generally be considered complementary. Copper mining has stabilised in recent years, but aluminium production has increased significantly in the last decade, and it can be expected to grow in the near future.

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2018A Comparison of ARIMA and LSTM in Forecasting Time Series 2018Forecasting the volatility of stock price index: A hybrid model integrating LSTM with multiple GARCH-type models 2020On relationships between the Pearson and the distance correlation coefficients 2013An improved wavelet–ARIMA approach for forecasting metal prices 2020A hybrid deep learning approach by integrating LSTM-ANN networks with GARCH model for copper price volatility prediction 2022RETRACTED: Financial Risk, Renewable Energy Technology Budgets, and Environmental Sustainability: Is Going Green Possible?2018An adaptive forecasting approach for copper price volatility through hybrid and non-hybrid models 2019Predictive analytics of the copper spot price by utilizing complex network and artificial neural network techniques

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