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Purpose This study aims to determine the characteristics of waqf-based Islamic financial institution (IFI) and subsequently propose some waqf-based IFIs. Design/methodology/approach This study uses the Delphi method, combined with the Likert scale, to determine and validate the agreed characteristics of waqf-based IFI models. Subsequently, based on the agreed characteristics, the authors propose waqf-based IFI models. Findings The results show that there are 28 important characteristics of waqf-based IFI, which respondents agree on 24 characteristics with significant Kendall’s concordance or rater agreement (W). The type of waqf-based IFI could be a bank, venture capital or cooperative; the business orientation should be a combination of commercial-social, and it could be implemented in the national, community or micro level. Based on the agreed characteristics, the authors propose several waqf-based IFI, including integrated commercial-social waqf-based bank, integrated commercial-social waqf-based venture capital and integrated commercial-social waqf-based cooperative. Research limitations/implications Respondents of this study comprise experts and practitioners who reside in Indonesia so that the results of proposed waqf-based IFIs are most suitable to be implemented in Indonesia. Practical implications The conceptual framework and method used in this study could be applied to determine the characteristics of waqf-based IFI and propose the most suitable waqf-based IFI models in other countries. Originality/value This study starts with determining the essential characteristics of waqf-based IFI, which then be used to propose waqf-based IFI models.
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