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Racism in Latin America has been strongly marked by analyzes of national ideologies, including miscegenation and whitening, and by analyzes of social class. During the first half of the 20th century, nation-building projects had a fairly positive view of racial mixture and sought to make the mestizo the Latin American regional symbol. In addition, whitening projects for the population were also underway throughout the region, such as immigration policies which favored European immigrants. Since then, scholars have identified a paradox in Latin American racial formation, the coexistence of racial inequality and ideologies of porous racial conviviality. Despite this historical pattern, in the last 40 years, democratic and constitutional reforms have been challenging the prevalence of this paradox. Some social processes might even be changing the influence of the miscegenation paradigm and the lack of social recognition of racism. Here, we stress the expansion of Black and Indigenous political organizations which criticize the perspective of racial democracy. Furthermore, the interference in the State by these organizations has played an important role in the adoption of a formal recognition of racism. As a consequence, public policies were implemented, which aimed at mitigating racial inequality. Therefore, the last four decades have contributed to the perception of racism as a social problem, yet the existence of backlash against those policies continues. Such changes have caused racism to be increasingly explained by its structural and intersectional dimensions. Consequently, these last decades have also changed the way scholars and political activists are explaining racism, and thus, they have also included epistemological changes in the field of social sciences. Indeed, two paradigms have gained importance in the academic debate: intersectionality and decoloniality. Additionally, both impact the conception of racism in the region which is now associated with terms that denote the structural, systematic, and gendered aspects of racism. As a result, far from being described as cordial or subtle, racism has gained a structural and systemic adjective, which appears to indicate a new language of expressing the phenomenon in Latin America.
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