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The article offers an analysis of the situation in Soviet psychology in the 1970s. based on materials from the RAS Archive and the IP RAS Scientific Archive. The analysis applies the methods of intellectual history proposed by the authors of the Cambridge School. It is focused on the transcript of the meeting of the Bureau of the Philosophy and Law Section of the AS USSR on March 30, 1976, at which the results of the inspection of the Institute of Psychology by the section commission were discussed. This document, supplemented by other archival sources and published materials, shows that there were two emerging approaches in the Soviet psychology, which by this time had acquired systemized sources, namely activity theory and systems approach. Rivalry between them was not limited to theoretical disagreements, but reflected the political situation in psychology, which was characterized by the shift of leadership from the APN to the new institute of the “big academy”. The conflict was intensified by the fact that the official doctrine was not prepared to recognize theoretical pluralism and continued to adhere to Marxist monism. Under these conditions, the creation of a theory capable of serving as a framework for a variety of fields of psychological research became a necessary task for the Institute of Psychology.
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