Developmental Psychology

Abstract

BIPOC families have many adaptive cultural resources. These resources, including racial/ethnic identity and socialization and communalism and spirituality, can protect against adverse childhood experiences, which disproportionately affect BIPOC children. Although authoritative parenting is adaptive across cultures, BIPOC mothers have specific priorities, including children’s deference to elders and having prosocial peers. BIPOC parental racial and ethnic socialization, particularly cultural socialization, promotes their children’s racial and ethnic identity development. Racial and ethnic socialization in White families is largely absent because of a lack of perceived need. Children spend much of their lives in school. School-based interventions can augment parental racial and ethnic socialization and can benefit identity development in all students. Ethnic and racial identity, as well as critical consciousness, can have positive effects on academic achievement. Children of color are disproportionately disciplined in school settings. Interventions with teachers and students can reduce biased discipline. Nevertheless, societal racism and xenophobia, which impact the lives of BIPOC families, must be addressed at systems levels.

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