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To dress correctly for the Bicentennial, psychologists are required t o sport the tasteful color combination of pride and optimism. The arrival of the “Self” would rudely shatter the atmosphere, for this unwelcome guest wears a tattered and outre costume. She used t o be the life and soul of the party; now people whisper behind her back. “She’s charming on the surface, but after a while you find there’s n o substance t o her. ” If two of the early presidents of the A.P.A., Mary Whiton Calkins and James Mark Baldwin, proclaimed psychology as “the science of selves, ” so much the worse for the A.P.A. Like its political past, America’s developmental interpretations of the Self are founded upon distinctly different intellectual traditions originating in seventeenth and eighteenth century Europe. The British empiricism of Locke and Hume, which was most significant for experimental psychology and the study of individual differences, also exerted a formative influence upon the psy-chology of the Self as expressed by American functionalists, most notably Allport. In this tradition, the Self was conceived as arising from experience
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