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• 1999The formation of an ‘Islamic sphere’ in French Colonial West Africa158 cited
• 2017The gun-slave hypothesis and the 18th century British slave trade66 cited
• 1996The Representation of Status in Mande: Did the Mali Empire Still Exist in the Nineteenth Century?48 cited
• 1990The Impact of the Atlantic Slave Trade on the Societies of the Western Sudan41 cited
• 2012Atlantic Impacts on Inland Senegambia: French Penetration and African Initiatives in Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century Gajaaga and Bundu (Upper Senegal River)33 cited
• 1992Survival strategies of a sahelian society: The case of the Soninke in Senegal from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present32 cited
• 2014EXTRAVERSION, CREOLIZATION, AND DEPENDENCY IN THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE32 cited
• 2014The Contribution of African Women to Economic Growth and Development in the Pre-Colonial and Colonial Periods: Historical Perspectives and Policy Implications32 cited
• 2023Global Slavery in the Making of States and International Orders26 cited
• 2023Something New out of Africa: States Made Slaves, Slaves Made States26 cited
• 2011HOW SLAVES USED ISLAM: THE LETTERS OF ENSLAVED MUSLIM COMMERCIAL AGENTS IN THE NINETEENTH-CENTURY NIGER BEND AND CENTRAL SAHARA26 cited
• 2011Slavery in Non-Islamic West Africa, 1420–182018 cited
• 1991Is There History in Horizontal Masks? A Preliminary Response to the Dilemma of Form