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This study aims to develop a scale to measure the readiness of export-oriented e-commerce for companies that will face the reality of moving from Industry 4.0 to Industry 5.0. This scale, which aims to determine companies' readiness level for e-export, is the first attempt in this sense in the literature. Several steps have been followed in the scale development process. First, a draft scale consisting of 69 items and different dimensions is created based on the literature review. Next, a focus group study is conducted, and expert opinions are collected. After testing the content validity and running the factor analysis, eight factors comprising 28 positive and negative statements were formed. Validity and reliability analyses of the pilot study, including 50 companies, show that the scale is applicable. These results show that human resources and management functions, whose essential element is human, at the Industry 5.0 level; it also demonstrates its compatibility with processes, most of which are machine and digital, and the importance of cooperation between them.
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