Analysis of Environmental Criticality Index (ECI) and Distribution of Slums in Yogyakarta and Surrounding Areas Using Multitemporal Landsat Imagery

Abstract

The environmental challenges arising due to urbanization and population growth have emerged.Reasons for this include rising temperature, high population, and changes in land use to built-up land.Many people prefer to live in cities because they provide better opportunities for work, living standards, and access to facilities like healthcare and education.Yogyakarta and its neighboring areas have witnessed the rise of slum settlements due to these factors.Extreme dense buildings, low building quality, and misaligned land use have all contributed to the environmentally critical status of slum settlements.This study aims to dissect the environmental criticality map of Yogyakarta's slums in 2016 and 2021.Using the Land Surface Temperature (LST) and Built-up Index (BU) methods, this study collected Environmental Criticality Index (ECI) data, to which a Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI) was applied to filter out bodies of water.Following the study's findings, the downtown areas fell into the high-criticality zone due to their dense built-up land, low vegetation, and high surface temperature.Slums in Yogyakarta and its suburbs were concentrated in places bordering large waterways, including the Gadjah Wong, Code, and Winongo Rivers.Generally speaking, city centers and their surrounding suburbs contained most settlements.Extremely high critical environmental conditions were present in urban slums, whereas suburban slums have moderate to high critical conditions.

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