Attention is absolutely invaluable in everyday life. Attention generally refers to selectivity of processing. Attention is active when controlled in a top-down way by the individual's goals or expectations. The opposing theories of selective auditory attention were put forward more than 60 years ago. Bottom-up selection seems to work by the enhancement of the attended message combined with suppression of the unattended message. Top-down factors depend on listeners’ knowledge and/or expectations and these have been shown to facilitate the segregation of speech messages. Posner's findings suggest that visual attention works like a spotlight. A spotlight illuminates a relatively small area and can be redirected to focus on any given object. In the ventriloquist illusion, people mistakenly attach too much importance to visual information when it conflicts with auditory information.
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