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The publication in 1926 of John M. Manly's Chaucer and the Rhetoricians touched off a long series of studies devoted to the thesis that Chaucer, in composing many of his poetical works, consciously followed the precepts of what Manly termed ‘ rhetoricians’. For more than three decades, this thesis has gone substantially unchallenged. Studies after Manly tend to support one or more of three major propositions: first, that Chaucer's use of certain terms proves his knowledge of formal (i.e. classical) rhetoric; second, that he knew and used as guides the works of so-called medieval rhetoricians, especially Geoffrey of Vinsauf; and finally, that even if he does not acknowledge them as sources, he relied upon the medieval artes poetriae, or verse-writing manuals, for his knowledge of colores or figures. It is often assumed, on the other hand, that the complete trivium of grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic was studied with varying degrees of emphasis throughout medieval Europe.
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