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This chapter outlines recent changes in the context of public policy, particularly since the onset of economic austerity, identifies the major paradigm shifts in public policy-making in recent decades and identifies the changing role of politics in public policy. It highlights how, in addition to economic pressures, many other major changes in the political, economic, social, technological, environmental and (international) legislative fields have impacted on public policy-making. The paradigms of public policy-making have changed significantly during the past three decades – the “old public administration” was partly replaced by the “new public management”, which in turn has been partly supplanted by the “public governance” perspective. However, current public policy-making in most countries still has strong elements of all three approaches. The chapter suggests that the role of politicians, which has never been as clear as suggested in the conventional model of democratic decision-making (“the primacy of politics”), is today even more complex, given the roles that are played in public decision-making by professional groups, managers, engaged citizens and other stakeholders.
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