Oral complications associated with metal ion release from oral piercings: a systematic review

Manal Masood · Laurence James Walsh · Sobia Zafar

6 citations0/0 files storedEuropean Archives of Paediatric Dentistry

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Tattoo and Body Piercing Complications Oral Health Pathology and Treatment Contact Dermatitis and Allergies

Abstract

PURPOSE: This systematic review explored dental complications associated with metal ion release from oral piercings using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. METHODS: Item retrieval from October 2022 to December 2022 from databases, such as Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Medline, PubMed, Embase, Scopus and Web of Science, using predefined search terms was undertaken by two independent reviewers. Data were extracted and risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist. From 1509 identified studies, 25 were included for analysis. RESULTS: Of the 25 studies, 20 included both clinical examination and questionnaire-based data. The remaining five studies were deemed low quality based on the Joanna Briggs Institute criteria. The average time piercings were worn ranged between 5 and 48 months. Most studies did not investigate complications from metal ion release. Only two studies examined the direct effects of metal ion release and showed that metal ions may cause hypersensitivity reactions and mucosal changes. Other soft tissue complications were reported, with gingival recession noted in 16 out of 25 studies, especially due to lip piercings. Studies reporting other complications were as follows: swelling (9), pain (8), infection (6), bleeding (6), inflammation (5), alterations to speech, eating and/or swallowing (5), changes to taste or metallic taste (5), and mucosal changes (4). Ten studies reported tooth chipping from tongue piercings. CONCLUSION: Oral piercings leach metal ions into surrounding tissues which may cause local mucosal changes. Furthermore, oral piercings cause damage to both soft and hard oral tissues, particularly gingival recession for lip piercings and tooth chipping for tongue piercings. Thus, to prevent such adverse injuries, dental professionals should discourage patients against oral piercings.

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References

2021The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews 2014JBI's Systematic Reviews 2002Tongue Piercing: Impact of Time and Barbell Stem Length on Lingual Gingival Recession and Tooth Chipping 2005Oral and dental complications of intra‐oral piercing 2011Oral Piercing and Oral Diseases: A Short Time Retrospective Study 2015The incidence of complications associated with lip and/or tongue piercings: a systematic review 2006Lip piercing: prevalence of associated gingival recession and contributing factors. A cross‐sectional study 2012Dental and periodontal complications of lip and tongue piercing: prevalence and influencing factors

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