Joint physical custody of children in Europe: A growing phenomenon

Mia Hakovirta · Daniel R. Meyer · Milla Salin · Eija Lindroos · Mari Haapanen

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Family Dynamics and Relationships Family and Matrimonial Law Social Policies and Family

Abstract

BACKGROUNDLarge-scale cross-country comparisons of children's physical custody (which parent the child lives with after separation) are dated and limited in the age range of children considered. OBJECTIVEWe document the level of sole and joint physical custody (JPC, both equal and unequal) for children in European countries using data from 2021. METHODS This article uses a new module on the living arrangements of children from the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions survey. Our final sample comprises 9,102 children from 17 European countries. Analysis is descriptive. RESULTSOne in eight children in separated families has equal JPC arrangements; another 8.2% spend at least one-third of their time with each parent (but not exactly half-time), so 20.7% have some type of JPC.Direct comparisons with previous estimates show a doubling of the prevalence of JPC in less than 20 years.Substantial cross-national variation exists: In the Northern European countries, Belgium, France, Slovenia, and

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References

2018Children's and Parents’ Well‐Being in Joint Physical Custody: A Literature Review 2017Life-table representations of family dynamics in the 21st century 2002Children's experience of family disruption and family formation: Evidence from 16 FFS countries 2011Joint Physical Custody and Communication with Parents: A Cross-National Study of Children in 36 Western Countries 2020Joint Physical Custody and Adolescents’ Life Satisfaction in 37 North American and European Countries 2018Joint Versus Sole Physical Custody: Children’s Outcomes Independent of Parent–Child Relationships, Income, and Conflict in 60 Studies 2017Shared Physical Custody and Children’s Experience of Stress 2022Increases in shared custody after divorce in the United States

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2025Joint Physical Custody in Europe: A Comparative Exploration 2024Sharing care and sharing costs? Child support and child-related expense-sharing post-separation in Finland and Wisconsin, US 2024Sharing Responsibilities for Children After Separation: A European Perspective

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