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Observation of the media and institutional discourse in the midst of the Covid-19 pandemic while writing this introduction only serves to emphasize the importance of looking at conflict, polarization and discourse. Although this could be an ideal situation for collaboration and help, discourses seem to be permeated by language related to war, blame and self-interest. And within this context, one cannot help but wonder why. Previous researchers have attempted to explain why conflict seems to be innate to human communication ( Hamelink, 2011 ) and have even looked at the positive social effects of individuals having different views ( Kakavá, 2001 ). However, as argued by Janicki (2015 , p. 2), the effect of “conflict” depends on how this notion is defined. For the purpose of this book, and following the tradition in political discourse analysis, conflict is defined as a verbal or physical dispute between two or more participants who are understood to be opponents ( Janicki, 2015 , p. 2; Motta and Guazina, 2018 , p. 123; Traquina, 2005 , p. 84). By using this definition, we can already see the importance of language or discourse. Previous studies on discourse analysis or sociolinguistics have already emphasized the inextricable link between conflict and communication ( Billig, 2003 ; Dédaic and Nelson, 2003 ; Gumperz, 1982 ; Schäffner and Wenden, 1995 ; Wright, 1998 ).
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