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This chapter shows how schools of psychotherapy are grounded in assumptions that reflect major philosophical themes. The chapter explains various fundamental philosophical issues and explains and discusses their relevance to psychotherapy, including some of the ontological and epistemological issues that underpin schools of psychotherapy. The chapter discusses problems with the positivist and empirical approaches to psychotherapy, especially with the attempt to quantify the psyche, and shows the weakness of the current fashion for “evidence-based” practice. The chapter describes the problems with the current emphasis on physicalism in mainstream psychology, critiques the current vogue for purely cognitive approaches to psychotherapy and the computational model of the mind, and discusses various approaches to the mind–brain question. The chapter describes the philosophical issues raised for psychology by the move from classical Newtonian physics to quantum mechanics.
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