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AI Chatbots in Digital Mental Health
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AI Chatbots in Digital Mental Health (2023)AI Chatbots in Digital Mental HealthOpinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy (2023)Opinion Paper: “So what if Ch…Conversational Agent Interventions for Mental Health Problems: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials (2023)Conversational Agent Interven…An Overview of Chatbot-Based Mobile Mental Health Apps: Insights From App Description and User Reviews (2023)An Overview of Chatbot-Based …Evaluating the Therapeutic Alliance With a Free-Text CBT Conversational Agent (Wysa): A Mixed-Methods Study (2022)Evaluating the Therapeutic Al…Evidence of Human-Level Bonds Established With a Digital Conversational Agent: Cross-sectional, Retrospective Observational Study (2021)Evidence of Human-Level Bonds…Digital Mental Health for Young People: A Scoping Review of Ethical Promises and Challenges (2021)Digital Mental Health for You…Digital Mental Health Challenges and the Horizon Ahead for Solutions (2021)Digital Mental Health Challen…Can Chatbots Help Support a Person’s Mental Health? Perceptions and Views from Mental Healthcare Professionals and Experts (2021)Can Chatbots Help Support a P…Artificially intelligent chatbots in digital mental health interventions: a review (2021)Artificially intelligent chat…Artificial Intelligence–Based Chatbot for Anxiety and Depression in University Students: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial (2021)Artificial Intelligence–Based…Artificial Intelligence for Chatbots in Mental Health: Opportunities and Challenges (2021)Artificial Intelligence for C…A Therapeutic Relational Agent for Reducing Problematic Substance Use (Woebot): Development and Usability Study (2021)A Therapeutic Relational Agen…Chatbots and Conversational Agents in Mental Health: A Review of the Psychiatric Landscape (2019)Chatbots and Conversational A…An Empathy-Driven, Conversational Artificial Intelligence Agent (Wysa) for Digital Mental Well-Being: Real-World Data Evaluation Mixed-Methods Study (2018)An Empathy-Driven, Conversati…Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial (2017)Delivering Cognitive Behavior…What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies (2014)What is the impact of mental …Help-Seeking in the Age of AI: Cross-Sectional Survey of the Use and Perceptions of AI-Based Mental Health Support Among US Adults (2026)Help-Seeking in the Age of AI…Unleashing the potential of chatbots in mental health: bibliometric analysis (2025)Unleashing the potential of c…Is This Chatbot Safe and Evidence-Based? A Call for the Critical Evaluation of Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots (2025)Is This Chatbot Safe and Evid…Cognitive offloading or cognitive overload? How AI alters the mental architecture of coping (2025)Cognitive offloading or cogni…Balancing risks and benefits: clinicians’ perspectives on the use of generative AI chatbots in mental healthcare (2025)Balancing risks and benefits:…Artificial intelligence for mental health: A narrative review of applications, challenges, and future directions in digital health (2025)Artificial intelligence for m…AI Chatbots for Psychological Health for Health Professionals: Scoping Review (2025)AI Chatbots for Psychological…The Efficacy of Conversational AI in Rectifying the Theory-of-Mind and Autonomy Biases: Comparative Analysis (2024)The Efficacy of Conversationa…Public Perception on Artificial Intelligence–Driven Mental Health Interventions: Survey Research (2024)Public Perception on Artifici…Incorporating AI into the Inner Circle of Emotional Intelligence for Sustainability (2024)Incorporating AI into the Inn…Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Interventions for Mental Health and Well-Being: Ensuring Responsible Implementation and Impact (2024)Ethical Considerations in Art…Can AI replace psychotherapists? Exploring the future of mental health care (2024)Can AI replace psychotherapis…Artificial Intelligence for Psychotherapy: A Review of the Current State and Future Directions (2024)Artificial Intelligence for P…Are lonely youngsters turning to chatbots for companionship? The relationship between chatbot usage and social connectedness in Danish high-school students (2024)Are lonely youngsters turning…An Exploratory Investigation of Chatbot Applications in Anxiety Management: A Focus on Personalized Interventions (2024)An Exploratory Investigation …A review on the efficacy of artificial intelligence for managing anxiety disorders (2024)A review on the efficacy of a…A power primer. (1992)How stigma interferes with mental health care. 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(2005)An overview of the features of chatbots in mental health: A scoping review (2019)Systematic review and meta-analysis of AI-based conversational agents for promoting mental health and well-being (2023)Computer power and human reason (1976)Effectiveness and Safety of Using Chatbots to Improve Mental Health: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2020)Too human and not human enough: A grounded theory analysis of mental health harms from emotional dependence on the social chatbot Replika (2022)The generalizability of the psychoanalytic concept of the working alliance. (1979)A Brief Measure for Assessing Generalized Anxiety Disorder (2006)The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population (2008)A Mental Health Chatbot with Cognitive Skills for Personalised Behavioural Activation and Remote Health Monitoring (2022)AI Chatbots for Mental Health: A Scoping Review of Effectiveness, Feasibility, and Applications (2024)I.—COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE (1950)The Uncanny Valley [From the Field] (2012)Conversational Artificial Intelligence in Psychotherapy: A New Therapeutic Tool or Agent? (2022)“It happened to be the perfect thing”: experiences of generative AI chatbots for mental health (2024)Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study (2013)Mortality in Mental Disorders and Global Disease Burden Implications (2015)Mental Health and the Covid-19 Pandemic (2020)Potential and Pitfalls of Mobile Mental Health Apps in Traditional Treatment: An Umbrella Review (2022)Digital Phenotyping: Data-Driven Psychiatry to Redefine Mental Health (2023)Exploring the Ethical Challenges of Conversational AI in Mental Health Care: Scoping Review (2025)Internet-Based and Other Computerized Psychological Treatments for Adult Depression: A Meta-Analysis (2009)Computer-based psychological treatments for depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2012)To chat or bot to chat: Ethical issues with using chatbots in mental health (2023)Your robot therapist is not your therapist: understanding the role of AI-powered mental health chatbots (2023)Engagement and retention in digital mental health interventions: a narrative review (2024)Agency Theory: An Assessment and Review (1989)Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review (2002)Artificial intelligence in logistics and supply chain management: A primer and roadmap for research (2023)ChatGPT: A comprehensive review on background, applications, key challenges, bias, ethics, limitations and future scope (2023)The ethics of ChatGPT – Exploring the ethical issues of an emerging technology (2023)Persuasive System Design Does Matter: a Systematic Review of Adherence to Web-based Interventions (2012)Thematic Analysis (2017)Large Language Models for Mental Health Applications: Systematic Review (2024)Randomized Trial of a Generative AI Chatbot for Mental Health Treatment (2025)
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References

  • 2023Opinion Paper: “So what if ChatGPT wrote it?” Multidisciplinary perspectives on opportunities, challenges and implications of generative conversational AI for research, practice and policy4,557 cited
  • 2014What is the impact of mental health-related stigma on help-seeking? A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative studies3,141 cited
  • 2017Delivering Cognitive Behavior Therapy to Young Adults With Symptoms of Depression and Anxiety Using a Fully Automated Conversational Agent (Woebot): A Randomized Controlled Trial2,713 cited
  • 2018An Empathy-Driven, Conversational Artificial Intelligence Agent (Wysa) for Digital Mental Well-Being: Real-World Data Evaluation Mixed-Methods Study1,061 cited
  • 2019Chatbots and Conversational Agents in Mental Health: A Review of the Psychiatric Landscape1,025 cited
  • 2021Artificially intelligent chatbots in digital mental health interventions: a review440 cited
  • 2023An Overview of Chatbot-Based Mobile Mental Health Apps: Insights From App Description and User Reviews402 cited
  • 2021A Therapeutic Relational Agent for Reducing Problematic Substance Use (Woebot): Development and Usability Study256 cited
  • 2021Digital Mental Health for Young People: A Scoping Review of Ethical Promises and Challenges242 cited
  • 2021Evidence of Human-Level Bonds Established With a Digital Conversational Agent: Cross-sectional, Retrospective Observational Study240 cited
  • 2022Evaluating the Therapeutic Alliance With a Free-Text CBT Conversational Agent (Wysa): A Mixed-Methods Study224 cited
  • 2023Conversational Agent Interventions for Mental Health Problems: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

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213 cited
  • 2021Artificial Intelligence–Based Chatbot for Anxiety and Depression in University Students: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial200 cited
  • 2021Artificial Intelligence for Chatbots in Mental Health: Opportunities and Challenges177 cited
  • 2021Digital Mental Health Challenges and the Horizon Ahead for Solutions173 cited
  • 2021Can Chatbots Help Support a Person’s Mental Health? Perceptions and Views from Mental Healthcare Professionals and Experts172 cited
  • Cited by

    • 2024Ethical Considerations in Artificial Intelligence Interventions for Mental Health and Well-Being: Ensuring Responsible Implementation and Impact169 cited
    • 2024Are lonely youngsters turning to chatbots for companionship? The relationship between chatbot usage and social connectedness in Danish high-school students107 cited
    • 2024Can AI replace psychotherapists? Exploring the future of mental health care97 cited
    • 2024Artificial Intelligence for Psychotherapy: A Review of the Current State and Future Directions82 cited
    • 2025Cognitive offloading or cognitive overload? How AI alters the mental architecture of coping57 cited
    • 2025Artificial intelligence for mental health: A narrative review of applications, challenges, and future directions in digital health56 cited
    • 2025Balancing risks and benefits: clinicians’ perspectives on the use of generative AI chatbots in mental healthcare53 cited
    • 2025AI Chatbots for Psychological Health for Health Professionals: Scoping Review33 cited
    • 2024The Efficacy of Conversational AI in Rectifying the Theory-of-Mind and Autonomy Biases: Comparative Analysis32 cited
    • 2024Incorporating AI into the Inner Circle of Emotional Intelligence for Sustainability32 cited
    • 2024An Exploratory Investigation of Chatbot Applications in Anxiety Management: A Focus on Personalized Interventions29 cited
    • 2024Public Perception on Artificial Intelligence–Driven Mental Health Interventions: Survey Research24 cited
    • 2025Unleashing the potential of chatbots in mental health: bibliometric analysis22 cited
    • 2024A review on the efficacy of artificial intelligence for managing anxiety disorders21 cited
    • 2026Help-Seeking in the Age of AI: Cross-Sectional Survey of the Use and Perceptions of AI-Based Mental Health Support Among US Adults15 cited
    • 2025Is This Chatbot Safe and Evidence-Based? A Call for the Critical Evaluation of Generative AI Mental Health Chatbots15 cited